全文获取类型
收费全文 | 121172篇 |
免费 | 2785篇 |
国内免费 | 1265篇 |
学科分类
工业技术 | 125222篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 475篇 |
2022年 | 453篇 |
2021年 | 1280篇 |
2020年 | 985篇 |
2019年 | 1167篇 |
2018年 | 1818篇 |
2017年 | 1743篇 |
2016年 | 1933篇 |
2015年 | 1517篇 |
2014年 | 2403篇 |
2013年 | 5998篇 |
2012年 | 3969篇 |
2011年 | 5550篇 |
2010年 | 4340篇 |
2009年 | 4980篇 |
2008年 | 5001篇 |
2007年 | 4911篇 |
2006年 | 4423篇 |
2005年 | 3952篇 |
2004年 | 3745篇 |
2003年 | 3529篇 |
2002年 | 3035篇 |
2001年 | 3253篇 |
2000年 | 2857篇 |
1999年 | 3287篇 |
1998年 | 9948篇 |
1997年 | 6423篇 |
1996年 | 4980篇 |
1995年 | 3385篇 |
1994年 | 2927篇 |
1993年 | 2850篇 |
1992年 | 1710篇 |
1991年 | 1674篇 |
1990年 | 1577篇 |
1989年 | 1393篇 |
1988年 | 1222篇 |
1987年 | 900篇 |
1986年 | 919篇 |
1985年 | 946篇 |
1984年 | 822篇 |
1983年 | 716篇 |
1982年 | 719篇 |
1981年 | 695篇 |
1980年 | 584篇 |
1979年 | 476篇 |
1978年 | 409篇 |
1977年 | 550篇 |
1976年 | 984篇 |
1975年 | 306篇 |
1974年 | 283篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 203 毫秒
101.
Lin Gan Young-Jo Park Lin-Lin Zhu Ha-Neul Kim Jae-Woong Ko Hai-Doo Kim 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2018,38(11):4064-4069
In this work, highly transparent yttria ceramics Φ?=?55?mm in size were fabricated by a hot-pressing method with 1 at.% ZrO2 or 12 at.% La2O3 as a sintering additive. For a 4-mm-thick specimen doped with ZrO2, the in-line transmittance reaches 71.1% at 400?nm and 80.9% at 1100?nm, and the transmittance of the La2O3-doped specimen is comparable to that of the ZrO2-doped specimen. By means of the relatively low sintering temperature of 1600?°C, the present samples exhibited very fine microstructures (<2?μm), giving rise to excellent mechanical strength levels (~200?MPa). With regard to the 1 at.% ZrO2-doped specimen, the combination of high strength and high thermal conductivity (~10 W/m?K) substantially improved parameters related to the thermal shock resistance. The results of this study indicate that the hot-pressed transparent yttria ceramic doped with 1 at.% ZrO2 is optically, mechanically, and thermally suitable for high-temperature IR window applications. 相似文献
102.
C. Mendoza Z. Gonzalez E. Gordo B. Ferrari Y. Castro 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2018,38(2):495-500
The hardness and corrosion resistance of TiN coatings, processed by Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) to cover polished and unpolished Ti substrates, have been evaluated. A deposition time of 5 min has been enough to obtain a cohesive layer of 7–8 μm in thickness. The coatings were thermally treated in vacuum atmosphere at 1200 °C for 1 h with heating and cooling rates of 5 °C min?1. The surfaces have been covered homogeneously optimizing the properties of the Ti substrates. Uniform and dense TiN coatings have been obtained onto polished substrates, while on unpolished Ti the nitrogen diffuses toward the substrate, moderately dissolving TiN coating. The nanohardness values of the polished samples have been increased from 2.8–4.8 GPa up to 6.5–8.5 GPa. Besides, the corrosion current density has been reduced more than one order of magnitude obtaining a protective efficiency of 82%. These values have been compared with other works in literature where authors used complex and costly processing techniques, demonstrating the strong impact of the colloidal processing over the specific properties of the material. 相似文献
103.
104.
Pure chromium oxidized at 900 °C at low oxygen partial pressure (10?12 atm) gives duplex Cr2O3 scale with an internal part made of equiaxed grains and exhibiting an n-type conduction, and an external part made of columnar grains and exhibiting a p-type conduction. Spalled regions occurring during cooling have been studied with photoelectrochemical techniques at a microscale. New information in the form of a specific image (structural quality image) could be obtained and revealed a level of structural defect density in the internal chromia subscale higher than that measured in the non-spalled region. The results complement the spallation scenario proposed in part I of this work. 相似文献
105.
Silicon - Bacterial infection associated with medical implants remains a serious and costly drawback with both temporary and permanent consequences. Recently, some bioactive glasses have been found... 相似文献
106.
Namhoon Kim Changkyu Kim Soyoung Jung Youngae Park Youngju Lee Juyeon Jo 《Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment》2018,35(7):1238-1246
Food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common and widespread food additive in many processed foods, personal care products, and other industrial categories as it boosts the brightness and whiteness of colours. Although it is generally recognised as safe for humans, there is a growing interest in the health risks associated with its oral intake. This study quantified and identified TiO2 nanoparticles present in confectionery foods, which are children’s favourite foods, with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A reliable digestion method using hot sulphuric acid and a digestion catalyst (K2SO4:CuSO4 = 9:1) was suggested for titanium analysis. Validations of the experimental method were quite acceptable in terms of linearity, recoveries, detection limits, and quantification limits. Of all the 88 analysed foods, TiO2 was detected in 19 products, all except three declared TiO2 in their labelling. The mean TiO2 content of candies, chewing gums, and chocolates were 0.36 mg g?1, 0.04 mg g?1, and 0.81 mg g?1, respectively. Whitish particles isolated from the confectionery foods were confirmed as TiO2 nanoparticles via TEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), in which nanosized particles (<100 nm) were identified. 相似文献
107.
Patil Y. S. Salunkhe P. H. Navale Y. H. Patil V. B. Ubale V. P. Ghanwat A. A. 《Polymer Bulletin》2020,77(5):2205-2226
Polymer Bulletin - 2,5-Bis(4-(2-aminothiazole) phenyl)-3 and 4-diphenyltetraphenyl thiophene (TPTPThDA) are fine processed in three steps. A series of polyazomethines containing... 相似文献
108.
Shafirah Samsuri Ngiam Li Jian Farah Wahida Jusoh Eduard Hernández Yáñez Noor Yahida Yahya 《化学工程与技术》2020,43(3):447-456
The application of solvent-aided crystallization (SAC) is based on the addition of a solvent, here 1-butanol, to crude biodiesel to catalyze the purification process by separating biodiesel from contaminants via crystallization process. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the process parameters of SAC, represented by biodiesel purity. The purified biodiesel was analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the composition of the present fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Under the predicted optimum process conditions within the experimental ranges for the highest biodiesel purity, the predicted biodiesel purity was 99.375 %. 相似文献
109.
Marina Y. Khodanovich Andrey E. Akulov Tatyana V. Ananina Marina S. Kudabaeva Anna O. Pishchelko Elena P. Krutenkova Nikolay M. Nemirovich-Danchenko Mikhail V. Svetlik Yana A. Tumentceva Chris Van den Haute Rik Gijsbers Veronique Daniëls Irina Thiry Alexandra G. Pershina Maria M. Shadrina Anna V. Naumova 《International journal of molecular sciences》2020,21(23)
(1) Background: Neurogenesis is considered to be a potential brain repair mechanism and is enhanced in stroke. It is difficult to reconstruct the neurogenesis process only from the histological sections taken from different animals at different stages of brain damage and restoration. Study of neurogenesis would greatly benefit from development of tissue-specific visualization probes. (2) Purpose: The study aimed to explore if overexpression of ferritin, a nontoxic iron-binding protein, under a doublecortin promoter can be used for non-invasive visualization of neurogenesis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (3) Methods: Ferritin heavy chain (FerrH) was expressed in the adeno-associated viral backbone (AAV) under the doublecortin promoter (pDCX), specific for young neurons, in the viral construct AAV-pDCX-FerrH. Expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) was used as an expression control (AAV-pDCX-eGFP). The viral vectors or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected intracerebrally into 18 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Three days before injection, rats underwent transient middle-cerebral-artery occlusion or sham operation. Animals were subjected to In vivo MRI study before surgery and on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injection using a Bruker BioSpec 11.7 T scanner. Brain sections obtained on day 28 after injection were immunostained for ferritin, young (DCX) and mature (NeuN) neurons, and activated microglia/macrophages (CD68). Additionally, RT-PCR was performed to confirm ferritin expression. (4) Results: T2* images in post-ischemic brains of animals injected with AAV-pDCX-FerrH showed two distinct zones of MRI signal hypointensity in the ipsilesioned hemisphere starting from 14 days after viral injection—in the ischemic lesion and near the lateral ventricle and subventricular zone (SVZ). In sham-operated animals, only one zone of hypointensity near the lateral ventricle and SVZ was revealed. Immunochemistry showed that ferritin-expressing cells in ischemic lesions were macrophages (88.1%), while ferritin-expressing cells near the lateral ventricle in animals both after ischemia and sham operation were mostly mature (55.7% and 61.8%, respectively) and young (30.6% and 7.1%, respectively) neurons. RT-PCR confirmed upregulated expression of ferritin in the caudoputamen and corpus callosum. Surprisingly, in animals injected with AAV-pDCX-eGFP we similarly observed two zones of hypointensity on T2* images. Cellular studies also showed the presence of mature (81.5%) and young neurons (6.1%) near the lateral ventricle in both postischemic and sham-operated animals, while macrophages in ischemic lesions were ferritin-positive (98.2%). (5) Conclusion: Ferritin overexpression induced by injection of AAV-pDCX-FerrH was detected by MRI using T2*-weighted images, which was confirmed by immunochemistry showing ferritin in young and mature neurons. Expression of eGFP also caused a comparable reduced MR signal intensity in T2*-weighted images. Additional studies are needed to investigate the potential and tissue-specific features of the use of eGFP and ferritin expression in MRI studies. 相似文献
110.
Sukkum Ngullie Chang Debasish Kumar Dey Seong Taek Oh Won Ho Kong Kiu Hyung Cho Ebtesam M. Al-Olayan Buyng Su Hwang Sun Chul Kang Jae Gyu Park 《International journal of molecular sciences》2020,21(23)
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a potent tumor promoter and highly inflammatory in nature. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of PMA on different model system. PMA (10 μg) caused chromosomal aberrations on the Allium cepa root tip and induced mitotic dysfunction. Similarly, PMA caused embryonic and larval deformities and a plummeted survivability rate on zebrafish embryo in a dose-dependent manner. Persistently, PMA treatment on immortalized human keratinocyte human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells caused massive inflammatory rush at 4 h and a drop in cell survivability at 24 h. Concomitantly, we replicated a cutaneous inflammation similar to human psoriasis induced by PMA. Herein, we used tangeretin (TAN), as an antagonist to counteract the inflammatory response. Results from an in vivo experiment indicated that TAN (10 and 30 mg/kg) significantly inhibited PMA stimulated epidermal hyperplasia and intra-epidermal neutrophilic abscesses. In addition, its treatment effectively neutralized PMA induced elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation on in vitro and in vivo systems, promoting antioxidant response. The association of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated b cells (NF-κB) crosstalk triggered by PMA enhanced PKCα-ERK1/2-NF-κB pathway; its activation was also significantly counteracted after TAN treatment. Conclusively, we demonstrated TAN inhibited the nuclear translocation of HIF-1α and NF-κB p65. Collectively, TAN treatment ameliorated PMA incited malignant inflammatory response by remodeling the cutaneous microenvironment. 相似文献